I,m thinking same....water pump impeller....when did you last do timing belt,as always do water pump at same time.....BUT it could also be as simple as bits of swarf from your replacement coolant temp sensor...as you have just replaced it and not rusty bits ….clean up what you can and keep an eye on temp as well as checking for any more bits if all ok after a couple of days ...cured....or flush system and see what comes out ,at least then if any more appears its water pump ….